Diversas lutas e conquistas deram origem à capital carioca. Começo pelo dia em que Estácio de Sá venceu uma grande batalha contra os nativos que viviam no território da atual cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Naquela manhã, Estácio mandou rezar uma missa na única construção dos portugueses na região, o seu forte, localizado entre o Pão de Açúcar e o morro da Urca. Depois da reza, ele organizou seus batalhões de milhares de homens e avançou contra a aldeia Uruçumirim, ali perto, no morro da Glória, onde funcionava uma espécie de capital dos povos nativos na região.
Era 20 de janeiro de 1557, data, por muito tempo, escolhida como aniversário do Rio.
Uma poderosa esquadra de onze embarcações portuguesas apoiou o ataque de Estácio, abrindo fogo de canhão contra a fortaleza indígena. Mesmo assim, os nativos resistiram por dois dias. Morreu Aimberê, líder da aldeia atacada. Morreu também Estácio de Sá, provavelmente ferido por arma envenenada. Foi uma grande vitória portuguesa. Milhares de nativos mortos, não só guerreiros, mas também mulheres, idosos e crianças.
E ali o Rio de Janeiro nasceria.
Aqueles nativos eram os tamoios. Este não era o nome de um povo ou aldeia, mas o da aliança indígena que combatia a invasão portuguesa. Tamoio, em tupi, quer dizer “quem estava aqui antes”. Antes, costumavam guerrear entre si. Mas, quando os portugueses passaram a avançar sobre as suas terras e a escravizar aldeias inteiras, os nativos puseram de lado as diferenças e se uniram. Não foi uma aliança por afinidade ou ideologia, exceto não querer ser morto ou levado para plantar cana debaixo de chicote.
A Confederação dos Tamoios, como ficou conhecida esta que é a nossa maior revolta indígena, durou décadas, com muitas batalhas como aquela, diversos massacres e até uso de arma biológica pelos portugueses, que, a título de presente, enviavam roupas contaminadas com varíola aos nativos, que morriam em proporção assombrosa.
O 20 de janeiro era data auspiciosa para a escolha do aniversário da cidade também por ser dia de São Sebastião, que dizem ter feito aparição numa daquelas batalhas, quando ajudou a exterminar os tamoios. Só que os cariocas mais velhos vão se lembrar de que, não faz tanto tempo assim, a data do aniversário da cidade mudou.
Acontece que, após São Paulo comemorar 400 anos em 1954, o Rio meio que quis adiantar o seu aniversário de quatro séculos. Assim, foi encontrada uma data dois anos antes. Ao invés do 20 de janeiro de 1567, o dia da batalha decisiva, a escolha passou para o 1º de março de 1565, data do desembarque das tropas de Estácio no sopé do Pão de Açúcar. Um desembarque que culminaria numa guerra e num massacre.
A história do Rio de Janeiro entrelaça eventos complexos e ao mesmo tempo fascinantes. A sua fundação, associada a triunfos portugueses, carrega a marca da tragédia para os antigos habitantes da região, os tamoios, que, como o nome diz, estavam aqui antes. Acredito que faz bem conhecer a nossa história. Vale a reflexão.









Gostei muito da escrita narrando fatos históricos de nossa cultura.
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