Série de artigos em homenagem aos Povos Indígenas Brasileiros. Índice:
- Como era a vida dos indígenas antes de 1500 (este)
- Cultura guerreira dos nativos brasileiros
- A invasão portuguesa de 1500
- As batalhas entre indígenas e portugueses após o 1500
- O que se deu dos indígenas que sobreviveram à chegada dos portugueses
Nem sempre é fácil lembrar que o território brasileiro um dia foi dominado por povos indígenas. Não temos a facilidade de ver grandes monumentos, como no México ou Egito, nem construções espanholas erguidas sobre fundações incas, como no Peru. Talvez por isso existam no nosso imaginário noções tão equivocadas sobre os nativos do Brasil.
Possivelmente, a mais grave seja achar que todos os povos tinham costumes parecidos. Seria como dizer que italianos e noruegueses, por serem europeus, têm a mesma cultura. Há similaridades entre eles, sendo, por exemplo, ambos povos de tradição cristã, mas diferem em língua, culinária, temperamento e muito mais. Com os indígenas brasileiros, é mais ou menos isso.
Estamos falando de centenas de línguas, milhares de deuses e rituais, alguns específicos de uma região. Ainda assim, o topo do panteão, no geral, era de Monan, o deus criador, que deixou o mundo sob a guarda de Tupã, um deus do trovão. De toda forma, os nativos não cultuavam seus deuses, mas os ancestrais.
Dos deuses e dos heróis do passado, ouviam histórias em volta da fogueira, um emaranhado riquíssimo de narrativas com ares mitológicos. Imagine algo como a mitologia grega, também desenvolvida antes da escrita. Uma pena que, no caso da cultura dos nativos brasileiros, não foi registrada, como Homero fez na Grécia, então sobraram retalhos para imaginarmos com pesar o que se perdeu.
Andando pelas trilhas, logo se perceberia mudarem também as receitas culinárias, com ingredientes cuja variedade de norte a sul do país até hoje nos surpreende. Além dos caules, folhas, raízes e frutas, uma infinidade de carnes de caça e de pesca, entre macacos, aves, peixes, tartarugas, jacarés, capivaras, formiga tanajura e por aí vai.
Outro equívoco comum sobre os nativos é a ideia de uma ocupação esparsa. Ora, só na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, região de mata exuberante, os relatos falam em centenas de aldeias, cada uma com 400 a 4 mil pessoas. Desdobrando para o continente, seriam facilmente dez milhões de indígenas. Para se ter uma ideia, a capital do império Asteca, Tenochtitlán, pode ter chegado a 300 mil habitantes, uma das maiores cidades do mundo na época, superior a Lisboa, Paris e Madrid juntas.
No Brasil, não havia cidades tão grandes. Mas a ocupação era densa. Do alto de um morro em praticamente qualquer ponto perto do litoral, que tendia a ter maior concentração populacional, seria possível avistar várias aldeias no entorno, as suas malocas se sobressaindo no arvoredo, clareiras das praças centrais e das plantações, com ondulações pela mata mostrando o caminho dos rios e das trilhas. Algumas aldeias seriam aliadas entre si, habitadas por parentes mútuos. Mais comum era que fossem inimigas. Pois, enquanto as mulheres cuidavam das plantações e dos bebês, era da guerra que os homens se ocupavam.
Como assim? Que guerras eram essas travadas entre os indígenas, mesmo antes de virem os portugueses?
É o que eu conto no próximo artigo desta série.
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