Série de artigos em homenagem aos Povos Indígenas Brasileiros. Índice:
- Como era a vida dos indígenas antes de 1500
- Cultura guerreira dos nativos brasileiros (este)
- A invasão portuguesa de 1500
- As batalhas entre indígenas e portugueses após o 1500
- O que se deu dos indígenas que sobreviveram à chegada dos portugueses
Uma cultura guerreira espantosa. Essa é uma boa definição para os nativos brasileiros, antes de chegarem os portugueses.
Esse traço é pouco falado nos dias de hoje, mas há vários relatos de europeus que conviveram com os nativos pouco depois do 1500 e sempre falam da coragem com que os indígenas iam de encontro ao inimigo, como um amante corre para a amada. Quando atiravam flechas, faziam um espetáculo colorido e belo atravessando o céu azul. Ao acertarem um golpe com o tacape, uma espécie de espada de madeira, matavam os inimigos como se abatem bois, tal como descreveu um frade francês na época.
Mas a guerra entre os povos nativos não era do tipo com que estamos acostumados, em que há a intenção de destruir o outro lado, tomando riqueza e território. Na cosmovisão dos nativos seria até esquisita a ideia de ir viver longe das tumbas dos seus ancestrais, e não se acumulavam riquezas que poderiam despertar a cobiça alheia. Ainda assim, eles matavam e morriam numa rede de vingança, principalmente para capturar um inimigo e comê-lo em seus rituais. Por isso, eram afeitos a um estilo de guerra irregular, com emboscadas, mas também capazes de enfrentar inimigos em batalha aberta.
Naquela dinâmica cultural, um rapaz que almejasse se sentar na roda dos mais velhos para fumar e conversar precisava ter capturado um inimigo vivo. A mesma coisa, se quisesse a oferta de uma moça para casar. E a cada inimigo que capturasse, maior o prestígio acumulado.
As pessoas acreditavam que, comendo um guerreiro corajoso, pegariam um pouco daquela coragem. Por outro lado, nesse sentido, ser comido significava ter a própria coragem reconhecida pelo inimigo, portanto, uma honra. Entre os tupinambás, havia o ditado: “a tumba mais honrada é o estômago dos inimigos”.
Este fato, de os nativos comerem pessoas, fascinante do ponto de vista cultural, até hoje é usado para detratá-los. Mas é bom ter em mente que, atualmente, os indígenas já não comem inimigos, assim como os portugueses abandonaram o costume de queimar bruxas, como era comum na mesma época. Muito do que somos hoje, a culinária, a higiene, uma profusão de chás medicinais, a relação com o quintal, parte substancial das palavras da nossa língua, a nossa característica étnica, tudo isso é herança de um riquíssimo caldeirão americano.
Como contei no artigo anterior, o território hoje chamado Brasil era ocupado por milhões de pessoas nativas. Mesmo que todos os portugueses viessem, ainda estariam em vasta minoria. E os povos daqui eram cheios de guerreiros.
Mas, então, por que sucumbiram à invasão portuguesa?
É o que eu conto na parte 3 desta série.










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