Série de artigos em homenagem aos Povos Indígenas Brasileiros. Índice:
- Como era a vida dos indígenas antes de 1500
- Cultura guerreira dos nativos brasileiros
- A invasão portuguesa de 1500
- As batalhas entre indígenas e portugueses após o 1500 (este)
- O que se deu dos indígenas que sobreviveram à chegada dos portugueses
Os indígenas brasileiros, depois de uma resistência feroz e de várias vitórias iniciais contra os portugueses, acabaram perdendo a guerra de forma completa.
O motivo, diferente do senso comum, não eram as armas de fogo europeias. Na época, os arcabuzes precisavam de mais de duas dezenas de ações para preparar um único tiro. No calor da batalha, isso é complicado e demora. Enquanto isso, cada arqueiro tupinambá facilmente lançaria uma ou duas dúzias de flechas, fazendo chover a morte sobre um batalhão português antes da segunda saraivada. Isso, enquanto outros nativos com lanças e tacapes, uma espécie de espada de madeira, fechariam a distância para aniquilar os portugueses que tivessem sobrevivido.
As armaduras europeias, sim, faziam alguma diferença, contra povos sem metalurgia.
Mas o que realmente pendeu a balança em favor dos portugueses foram as doenças que trouxeram nas naus. Logo ficou claro que nativos eram especialmente suscetíveis a elas. E os fidalgos não tardaram em usar isto para fins militares. São vários os registros de contaminação lançada propositalmente contra os indígenas, com envio de pessoas ou objetos infectados. Assim, males que haviam circulado no resto do mundo por milhares de anos, causando várias epidemias mortíferas, algumas famosas, como a Peste Negra, ganharam a América. Diferente dos europeus que aqui estavam, descendentes de uma longa seleção de indivíduos resistentes àquelas doenças, os nativos morriam em proporção assombrosa.
O mundo dos indígenas, antes da virada do primeiro século da invasão, já era um cenário pós-apocalíptico. Cerca de 90% das pessoas morreram adoecidas. De início, morriam mais inimigos de portugueses, contra os quais as doenças eram direcionadas. Depois, a epidemia varreu o território em sucessivas ondas. Povos inteiros no sertão que às vezes nem tinham ouvido falar de um branco desapareceram.
Um caso que mostra a situação é do imperador inca, Huayna Capac, que morreu de varíola sem nunca ter ouvido falar dos espanhóis. A doença, que chegou no México 6 anos antes, devastou a América Central, por onde entrou no Peru. Quando Pizarro, anos depois, finalmente apeou em território inca, o império já estava esfarelando, inclusive com guerra civil entre dois filhos do imperador que havia morrido adoecido.
Territórios inteiros devastados e desabitados, alianças e vestígios orais de uma cultura riquíssima perdidos para sempre.
No Brasil, com o território aberto, não se demoraram os hoje chamados bandeirantes, singrando o país em busca de metais preciosos e de nativos remanescentes para serem escravizados. Os metais foram encontrados em Minas Gerais e os nativos, difíceis de serem domados pela facilidade com que fugiam pela mata, ficaram obsoletos como força motriz da economia, quando começaram a chegar, aos milhares e depois aos milhões, os pretos da África.
Apesar desse momento desesperador, hoje ainda temos cerca de 1,7 milhões de nativos no Brasil, pouco menos de 1% da população.
E então, o que aconteceu com aqueles que sobreviveram ao baque inicial? Como foi de lá para cá?
É o que eu conto no próximo artigo desta série em homenagem para o Dia Nacional dos Povos Indígenas, neste 19 de abril.









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