Era de amor a relação dos indígenas com a mata, principalmente antes da invasão portuguesa. Falando assim, pode parecer romantismo, meio papo de maluco. Só que não é. Sabe o lugar que marcou a sua vida? A casa da avó, o parquinho ou até a lanchonete perto do trabalho?
Aí, num dia, a casa é demolida. O parquinho, derrubado. E a lanchonete fecha. Não vem um troço ruim, um sentimento de perda?
Agora, imagina que você nunca viajou. A sua terra natal é o seu mundo. No cemitério, estão todos que já morreram. Por perto, há o lugar onde brincou na infância. Logo ali fica o morro em que você sobe para pensar. Tem o cantinho onde namorava às escondidas. É uma relação muito intensa com o território. As árvores, a montanha, o rio começam a parecer ter intenção. Os bichos e os humanos se familiarizam, às vezes até se comunicam. O entorno ganha um caráter espiritual.
Os indígenas também tinham no mato a sua fonte de cura.
Suco de maracujá para dormir. Unha-de-gato para infecção. Aroeira para pele e inflamações. Guaraná para dar ânimo. Folha de coca alivia fadiga. João-pé-de-galinha diminui o estresse. Quebra-pedra para acabar com pedra nos rins. Jurema e ayahuasca para ganhar entusiasmo. Até tabaco, para ansiedade. Este, chamado pelos portugueses de erva santa, foi descrito no século XVI pelo padre Cardim como “uma das delícias desta terra”, embora percebesse os perigos dela, registrando portugueses “perdidos por ela, com grande vício, dia e noite deitados nas redes a beber fumo, como se fora vinho”.
Há plantas medicinais nas nossas matas para todo tipo de males. Peçonhas, sarnas, lombrigas, estômago, febre, dor de dente, baixa virilidade masculina e feminina, e por aí vai. Sejam nas beberagens do congado ou nas garrafadas nordestinas, são muitos os resquícios dessa cultura riquíssima herdada de curandeiros indígenas.
Após conquistar o território, os portugueses não demoraram a perceber o valor disso. Jesuítas logo estabeleceram o monopólio da cura, já vigente na Europa, onde pessoas que empregavam ervas, na maioria mulheres, acabavam queimadas em praça pública como bruxas. No Brasil, temos o registro de 1556 de um xamã da região de Rio Vermelho, em Salvador, preso por curar um doente de leishmaniose, a mando do irmão Antonio Rodrigues. Os jesuítas estabeleceram grandes boticas para reunir o poder das plantas, a mais famosa a botica da Bahia.
Uma reviravolta veio em 1808, com a vinda da família real portuguesa. No Rio de Janeiro, a nova sede do império, uma das primeiras ações do monarca foi a criação do Jardim Botânico. É que, ao rei, interessava conhecer e possuir plantas e sementes, até para o replantio em caso de pragas. O Jardim Botânico nasceu como uma espécie de cofre. Menos de uma década depois, partiam grandes expedições naturalistas Brasil adentro, com destaque para Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, que reuniu 24 mil espécimes de plantas. O mato virou política de estado.
Só que, de lá pra cá, tivemos altos e baixos. Mais baixos.
A Mata Atlântica começou a ser derrubada no final do século XIX para dar lugar ao café. Hoje, 90% dela está destruída.
Nas décadas de 1960 e 70, período da ditadura militar, foi a vez da Amazônia. Com grandes obras e incentivos para exploração da floresta, já em 78, 14 milhões de hectares estavam desmatados. Entre o assassinato de Chico Mendes e sucessivos recordes de desmatamento, hoje são 110 milhões de hectares devastados, ou 20% da cobertura original.
Neste Dia Internacional das Florestas (21/03), acho que vale a pergunta, valeu a pena? Estamos ficando ricos assim? Ou estavam certos aqueles povos originários que gostavam das suas árvores de pé?









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